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- Landlocked country in central N Africa,
- bounded to the north by Libya, to the east by
- Sudan, to the south by the Central African
- Republic, and to the west by Cameroon,
- Nigeria, and Niger. government The 1982
- provisional constitution provides for a
- president who appoints and leads a council of
- ministers which exercises executive and
- legislative power. In 1984 a new regrouping,
- the National Union for Independence (UNIR),
- was undertaken in an attempt to consolidate
- the president's position, but a number of
- opposition groups exist. history Called Kanem
- when settled by Arabs in the 7th-13th
- centuries, the area later became known as
- Bornu and in the 19th century was conquered
- by Sudan. From 1913 a province of French
- Equatorial Africa, Chad became an autonomous
- state within the French Community in 1958,
- with Francois Tombalbaye as prime minister.
- Full independence was achieved in 1960 and
- Tombalbaye became president. He soon faced
- disagreements between the Arabs of the north,
- who saw Libya as an ally, and the black
- African Christians of the south, who felt
- more sympathy for Nigeria. In the north the
- Chadian National Liberation Front (Frolinat)
- revolted against the government. In 1975
- Tombalbaye was killed in a coup led by former
- army chief-of-staff, Felix Malloum, who
- became president of a supreme military
- council and appealed for national unity, but
- Frolinat continued its opposition, supported
- by Libya, which held a strip of land in the
- north, believed to contain uranium. By 1978
- Frolinat, led by General Goukouni Oueddi, had
- expanded its territory but was halted with
- French aid. Malloum tried to reach a
- settlement by making former Frolinat leader,
- Hissene Habre, prime minister, but
- disagreements developed between them. In 1979
- fighting broke out again between government
- and Frolinat forces and Malloum fled the
- country. Talks resulted in the formation of a
- provisional government (GUNT), with Goukouni
- holding the presidency with Libyan support. A
- proposed merger with Libya was rejected and
- Libya withdrew most of its forces. The
- Organization for African Unity (OAU) set up a
- peacekeeping force but civil war broke out
- and by 1981 Hissene Habre's Armed Forces of
- the North (FAN) controlled half the country.
- Goukouni fled and set up a `government in
- exile'. In 1983 a majority of OAU members
- agreed to recognize Habre's regime but
- Goukouni, with Libyan support, fought on.
- After Libyan bombing, Habre appealed to
- France for help. 3,000 troops were sent as
- instructors, with orders to retaliate if
- attacked. Following a Franco-African summit
- in 1983, a ceasefire was agreed, with
- latitude 16 degrees N dividing the opposing
- forces. Libyan president Colonel Khaddhafi's
- proposal of a simultaneous withdrawal of
- French and Libyan troops was accepted. By Dec
- all French troops had left but Libya's
- withdrawal was doubtful. Habre dissolved the
- military arm of Frolinat and formed a new
- party, the National Union for Independence
- (UNIR), but opposition to his regime grew. In
- 1987 Goukouni was reported to be under house
- arrest in Tripoli. Meanwhile Libya
- intensified its military operations in
- northern Chad, Habre's government retaliated,
- and France renewed, if reluctantly, its
- support. It was announced in Mar 1989 that
- France, Chad, and Libya had agreed to observe
- a ceasefire proposed by the Organization of
- African Unity (OAU). A meeting in July 1989
- between Habre and Khaddhaffi reflected the
- improvement in relations between Chad and
- Libya. Habre was endorsed as president Dec
- 1989 for another seven-year term, under a
- revised constitution.
-